How to go about reprinting articles with permission in my ESL textbook?

I'm writing a grammar/writing textbook, and would like to include some snippets of stories and articles from other books or magazines. Most textbooks do this, and include a section crediting the photos and text reprinted with permission.



My question: are these reprintings generally paid for? How can I go about seeking permission? I'm self-publishing, and don't have much money budgeted for buying rights to articles, but I want to put out a very high-quality product. Any insight would be very warmly appreciated.How to go about reprinting articles with permission in my ESL textbook?
Snippets or one or two pics are generally covered under fair use statutes, but defining a snippet depends on the length of the article/artists' or photographers' portfolios vs. the length of your snippet/number of pics/photos. Also it depends on how the source is copyrighted and whether or not you intend to profit from usage and how that use impacts the potential market for the protected work.



I am sure an author or photographer/artist's name is available from the sources where you are finding this information. Write to them directly or to their publisher for questions re: permission to reprint or contact an attorney well-versed in copyright law. And if no source is listed, err on the side of caution and assume it is copyrighted. Do not use without permission. Since copyright infringement can be a civil or criminal issue depending on the circumstances, cover yourself well beforehand, especially if you intend to profit from your work.